A wide range of transformer designs is encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power. Transformers can also be used to provide galvanic isolation between circuits as well as to couple stages of signal-processing circuits. Transformers are used to change AC voltage levels, such transformers being termed step-up or step-down type to increase or decrease voltage level, respectively. Faraday's law of induction, discovered in 1831, describes the induced voltage effect in any coil due to a changing magnetic flux encircled by the coil. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. A varying current in any coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) across any other coils wound around the same core. Ī transformer is a passive component that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another circuit, or multiple circuits. Pole-mounted distribution transformer with center-tapped secondary winding used to provide " split-phase" power for residential and light commercial service, which in North America is typically rated 120/240 V.
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